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Violence as a Factor of
Underdevelopment in Peru
Underdevelopment in Peru
Some of the situations that generated the internal armed conflict in Peru during the 80’s and 90’s were the exclusion, the gap between rich and poor, and the State absence, conditions that opened the path to Sendero Luminoso’s terrorist response.
09/13/09
By: Pedro R. M. / Seinforma Canada Correspondent
Lima.- We must remember that terrorism and counter-terrorism bring backwardness. Over 20 years public funds were used to fight terrorism in Peru when that money could have been intended for development.
The losses were both economic and in human lives. It is estimated that 69,000 Peruvians died during the armed conflicto between the years 1980-2000 and their relatives suffered such pain and fear that many had to either migrate to Lima or abroad.
Others had to hide and others are gone.
What happened to the governments of those times? What happened to those soldiers who fought against terrorism and to those innocents who became a military target just because dared to claim their rights and were unfairly related to the terrorist group Sendero Luminoso? How about the family members of those who died because of terrorism? Maybe the time will answer us, one day.
Indifference to those who suffer was the beginning of hatred and of a war that dragged Peru into a cliff. This story should not be repeated. Indifference, a single word that lit the bomb that blew up and affected Peru too deeply.
The Commission of Truth and Reconciliation (CVR) found that “the internal armed conflict lived in Peru between 1980 and 2000 was the most intense and longest episode of violence in the history of the Republic. Likewise, it was a conflict that revealed gaps and deep painful disagreements in Peruvian society. "
The CVR also stated that “the violations to the human rights committed by the Peruvian authorities were not excesses but patterns of violations against humanity.”
The rebel violence in Peru in 20 years left a toll of 69,000 dead and more than U.S. $ 25,000 million in losses.
It damaged the industrial system of Peru leaving it at the mercy of foreign industry, destroyed numerous metalworking and textile factories with advanced technology, and drove large investors away.
Only in Lima the large avenues Argentina, Colonial, Venezuela and La Marina were damaged, especially the last one, which had powerful industries that led to the port of Callao, one of the most important points of international trade and exportation in Peru.
The perpetrators
The total number of fatal victims per perpetrators is shown in Table 1. The dead ones were 69,280. This estimate should be interpreted within a range of 61,007 to 77,552 victims, with a 5% estimated error.
These stats show that Sendero Luminoso (SLU) killed 46% of the victims, the State agents (EST) 30%, and others (OTR) the remaining 24%.
Table 2 shows the estimated differences between the number of victims whose responsibility is assigned to each perpetrator.
For example, we estimate that the difference between the total number of murders attributed to the PCP-Sendero Luminoso and to the State agents is between 5.104 and 16.641 (SLU-EST).
The results of Table 2 indicate that the total number of victims estimated for a perpetrator group is significantly different from those estimated for the other two groups. In this context, we speak of significance to say that the quantitative difference between the groups is not the product of chance.
Using a formal statistical language, we can reject the hypothesis that the number of fatalities caused by a particular group is the same as that caused by any of the other two groups.
The main conclusion of this table is that for the whole country and between 1980 and 2000, the PCP-Sendero Luminoso was responsible for a significantly higher number of fatalities than all State agents involved in the anti-terrorist warfare and that from other actors of the internal armed conflict.
Measures taken during the "democratic" governments
1980 - 1985, Popular Action Party, Fernando Belaunde Terry
• Entrusted anti-subversive warfare to the military.
• Created political military commands in emergency zones subordinating the local elected officials to the military.
• Guaranteed impunity to military: everything that happened in an emergency area was judged as an on duty crime.
• Years ’83-‘84 the most brutal years of the conflict: 28% of total of fatal victims.
• Congress did not investigate any complaint.
1985 - 1990, APRA, Alan García 1990
• The civil power tried to take control over military action: it punished the military responsible for the massacre of Accomarca; created the Peace Commission, unified the Police, created a specialized intelligence group: The Counter-Terrorism Direction - DIRCOTE; gave weapons to DIRCOTE and to peasant patrols - Comités de Autodefensa (Self Defense-Committees).
• A political decision is not upheld and impunity for human rights violations is ensured again. The most critical element: the massacre in the prisons.
• An acute economic and political crisis focused the attention on Lima, that meant that what was happening in the country-side did not matter.
1990 - 2000, Alberto Fujimori’s ruling periods
• Took his first government in the midst of a serious economic crisis, discredit of political parties and expansion of terrorism.
• 5th April 1992: coup d'état marked the collapse of the rule of law.
• Created a paramilitary group controlled by the National Intelligence Service (SIN) at the helm of his advisor Vladimiro Montesinos.
• Manipulated the issue of terrorism and fear of the population until 2000.
• Capitalized the work of DIRCOTE and of the Comités de Autodefensa (Self Defense-Committees).
Sendero Luminoso notorious plots
* Car bomb against the Peruvian Revenue Agency (SUNAT) building. 07/02/1992
* Attack on the Central Railway. 30/04/1984
* Attacks on the U.S. embassy 18/11/1987 - 07/11/1990 - 25/01/1991. 20/03/2006
* Murder of APRA party leaders Rodrigo Franco 29/08/1987 and Orestes Rodriguez. 22/09/1990
* Murder of entrepreneurs and senior officers of law enforcement 06/12/1988. 14/10/1986
*Attacks on TV Channel 2 premises 05/06/1992
* Sabotage against agricultural research centers 12/07/1991
* Murder of Japanese technical staff 12/07/1991
* Car bomb against building on Tarata Miraflores Street. 16/07/1992
Notes
1.Macher, Sofia. La Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación en la transición democrática de Perú. www.idl.org.pe/PostCVR/CVR%20y%20transicion%20democratica.pdf <http://www.idl.org.pe/PostCVR/CVR%20y%20transicion%20democratica.pdf>
2.Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación. Anexos. <http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/Tomo%20-%20ANEXOS/ANEXO%202.pdf>
3. Atentados de Mayor Impacto de SL. <http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_YVCcGd0lDOQ/ST3T9UxxpnI/AAAAAAAAABs/Pk_QPMqvdLo/s320/atebntados.JPG
By: Pedro R. M. / Seinforma Canada Correspondent
Lima.- We must remember that terrorism and counter-terrorism bring backwardness. Over 20 years public funds were used to fight terrorism in Peru when that money could have been intended for development.
The losses were both economic and in human lives. It is estimated that 69,000 Peruvians died during the armed conflicto between the years 1980-2000 and their relatives suffered such pain and fear that many had to either migrate to Lima or abroad.
Others had to hide and others are gone.
What happened to the governments of those times? What happened to those soldiers who fought against terrorism and to those innocents who became a military target just because dared to claim their rights and were unfairly related to the terrorist group Sendero Luminoso? How about the family members of those who died because of terrorism? Maybe the time will answer us, one day.
Indifference to those who suffer was the beginning of hatred and of a war that dragged Peru into a cliff. This story should not be repeated. Indifference, a single word that lit the bomb that blew up and affected Peru too deeply.
The Commission of Truth and Reconciliation (CVR) found that “the internal armed conflict lived in Peru between 1980 and 2000 was the most intense and longest episode of violence in the history of the Republic. Likewise, it was a conflict that revealed gaps and deep painful disagreements in Peruvian society. "
The CVR also stated that “the violations to the human rights committed by the Peruvian authorities were not excesses but patterns of violations against humanity.”
The rebel violence in Peru in 20 years left a toll of 69,000 dead and more than U.S. $ 25,000 million in losses.
It damaged the industrial system of Peru leaving it at the mercy of foreign industry, destroyed numerous metalworking and textile factories with advanced technology, and drove large investors away.
Only in Lima the large avenues Argentina, Colonial, Venezuela and La Marina were damaged, especially the last one, which had powerful industries that led to the port of Callao, one of the most important points of international trade and exportation in Peru.
The perpetrators
The total number of fatal victims per perpetrators is shown in Table 1. The dead ones were 69,280. This estimate should be interpreted within a range of 61,007 to 77,552 victims, with a 5% estimated error.
These stats show that Sendero Luminoso (SLU) killed 46% of the victims, the State agents (EST) 30%, and others (OTR) the remaining 24%.
Table 2 shows the estimated differences between the number of victims whose responsibility is assigned to each perpetrator.
For example, we estimate that the difference between the total number of murders attributed to the PCP-Sendero Luminoso and to the State agents is between 5.104 and 16.641 (SLU-EST).
The results of Table 2 indicate that the total number of victims estimated for a perpetrator group is significantly different from those estimated for the other two groups. In this context, we speak of significance to say that the quantitative difference between the groups is not the product of chance.
Using a formal statistical language, we can reject the hypothesis that the number of fatalities caused by a particular group is the same as that caused by any of the other two groups.
The main conclusion of this table is that for the whole country and between 1980 and 2000, the PCP-Sendero Luminoso was responsible for a significantly higher number of fatalities than all State agents involved in the anti-terrorist warfare and that from other actors of the internal armed conflict.
Measures taken during the "democratic" governments
1980 - 1985, Popular Action Party, Fernando Belaunde Terry
• Entrusted anti-subversive warfare to the military.
• Created political military commands in emergency zones subordinating the local elected officials to the military.
• Guaranteed impunity to military: everything that happened in an emergency area was judged as an on duty crime.
• Years ’83-‘84 the most brutal years of the conflict: 28% of total of fatal victims.
• Congress did not investigate any complaint.
1985 - 1990, APRA, Alan García 1990
• The civil power tried to take control over military action: it punished the military responsible for the massacre of Accomarca; created the Peace Commission, unified the Police, created a specialized intelligence group: The Counter-Terrorism Direction - DIRCOTE; gave weapons to DIRCOTE and to peasant patrols - Comités de Autodefensa (Self Defense-Committees).
• A political decision is not upheld and impunity for human rights violations is ensured again. The most critical element: the massacre in the prisons.
• An acute economic and political crisis focused the attention on Lima, that meant that what was happening in the country-side did not matter.
1990 - 2000, Alberto Fujimori’s ruling periods
• Took his first government in the midst of a serious economic crisis, discredit of political parties and expansion of terrorism.
• 5th April 1992: coup d'état marked the collapse of the rule of law.
• Created a paramilitary group controlled by the National Intelligence Service (SIN) at the helm of his advisor Vladimiro Montesinos.
• Manipulated the issue of terrorism and fear of the population until 2000.
• Capitalized the work of DIRCOTE and of the Comités de Autodefensa (Self Defense-Committees).
Sendero Luminoso notorious plots
* Car bomb against the Peruvian Revenue Agency (SUNAT) building. 07/02/1992
* Attack on the Central Railway. 30/04/1984
* Attacks on the U.S. embassy 18/11/1987 - 07/11/1990 - 25/01/1991. 20/03/2006
* Murder of APRA party leaders Rodrigo Franco 29/08/1987 and Orestes Rodriguez. 22/09/1990
* Murder of entrepreneurs and senior officers of law enforcement 06/12/1988. 14/10/1986
*Attacks on TV Channel 2 premises 05/06/1992
* Sabotage against agricultural research centers 12/07/1991
* Murder of Japanese technical staff 12/07/1991
* Car bomb against building on Tarata Miraflores Street. 16/07/1992
Notes
1.Macher, Sofia. La Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación en la transición democrática de Perú. www.idl.org.pe/PostCVR/CVR%20y%20transicion%20democratica.pdf <http://www.idl.org.pe/PostCVR/CVR%20y%20transicion%20democratica.pdf>
2.Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación. Anexos. <http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/Tomo%20-%20ANEXOS/ANEXO%202.pdf>
3. Atentados de Mayor Impacto de SL. <http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_YVCcGd0lDOQ/ST3T9UxxpnI/AAAAAAAAABs/Pk_QPMqvdLo/s320/atebntados.JPG
***
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The Commission of Truth and Reconciliation (CVR) found that the internal armed conflict suffered in Peru between 1980 and 2000 was the most intense and longest episode of violence in the history of the Republic and that human rights violations committed by the Peruvian authorities were not excesses but patterns of violations against humanity. (Photo bleacherreport.com/Seinforma)
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